Penile Cancer
Stages of Penile Cancer
Stage I - The lesions are confirmed to the glans or foreskin.
Stage II - The shaft or corpora cavernosa (erectile tissue) invaded by tumor.
Stage III - Shaft involvement; lymph nodes involved but operable.
Stage IV-There is shaft involvement; lymph nodes inoperable and metastasize to distant sites.
Stage I - The lesions are confirmed to the glans or foreskin.
Stage II - The shaft or corpora cavernosa (erectile tissue) invaded by tumor.
Stage III - Shaft involvement; lymph nodes involved but operable.
Stage IV-There is shaft involvement; lymph nodes inoperable and metastasize to distant sites.
Testicular Cancer
Stages of Testicular Cancer
Stage I - No metastasis; confined to testis.
Stage II - Metastasis to retroperitoneal lymph nodes or other subdiaphragmatic (performed below the diaphragm) areas.
Stage III - Mediastinal or supraclavicular nodes or supradiaphragmatic areas like lungs and liver.
Stage IV - Nil
Stage I - No metastasis; confined to testis.
Stage II - Metastasis to retroperitoneal lymph nodes or other subdiaphragmatic (performed below the diaphragm) areas.
Stage III - Mediastinal or supraclavicular nodes or supradiaphragmatic areas like lungs and liver.
Stage IV - Nil
Picture Showing Testicular Cancer Staging I - IV
Prostate Cancer
In order to stage
prostate cancer doctors use the TNM (tumor – nodes – metastasis) system. This
system focuses on tumor anatomy by looking at first the tumor itself, then at
the regional lymph nodes, and finally at the metastasis.
T: Primary Tumor - Evaluates whether the cancer has spread.
Tx - Tumor cannot be assessed.
T0 - No evidence of tumor.
T1 - Tumor is not clinically apparent, is not palpable, and cannot be visualized with imaging devices.
T2 - Tumor is confined to the prostate.
T3 - Tumor has broken through the prostatic capsule.
T4 - Tumor has invaded or affixed itself to adjacent tissue (other than the seminal vesicles).
N: Lymph Nodes - Evaluates whether the cancer has begun to spread to the local lymph glands.
Nx - Lymph Nodes cannot be assessed.
N0 - No evidence of spread to regional lymph nodes.
N1 - Spread to a single lymph node.
N2 - Larger spread to a single lymph node, or to more than one node.
N3 - Larger spread to a regional lymph node.
N4 - Nil
M: Metastasis - Evaluates whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
Mx - Cannot be assessed.
M0 - No evidence of spread to distant areas.
M1- Spread to distant areas.
M2 - Nil
M3 - Nil
M4 - Nil
T: Primary Tumor - Evaluates whether the cancer has spread.
Tx - Tumor cannot be assessed.
T0 - No evidence of tumor.
T1 - Tumor is not clinically apparent, is not palpable, and cannot be visualized with imaging devices.
T2 - Tumor is confined to the prostate.
T3 - Tumor has broken through the prostatic capsule.
T4 - Tumor has invaded or affixed itself to adjacent tissue (other than the seminal vesicles).
N: Lymph Nodes - Evaluates whether the cancer has begun to spread to the local lymph glands.
Nx - Lymph Nodes cannot be assessed.
N0 - No evidence of spread to regional lymph nodes.
N1 - Spread to a single lymph node.
N2 - Larger spread to a single lymph node, or to more than one node.
N3 - Larger spread to a regional lymph node.
N4 - Nil
M: Metastasis - Evaluates whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
Mx - Cannot be assessed.
M0 - No evidence of spread to distant areas.
M1- Spread to distant areas.
M2 - Nil
M3 - Nil
M4 - Nil
Pictures Showing Prostate Cancer Staging
References:
Monahan, F. D., & Phipps, W. J. (2007). Phipps' medical-surgical nursing: health and illness perspectives (8th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier.